Scholars may find themselves needing to control for temporal dependence in their analysis of event data. International relations scholars know this problem well. It arises when the likelihood of an event occurring—prominently: a militarized interstate dispute (MID) in the IR literature—depends, in part, on the time since the last event. Longer “peace spells” beget a decreasing likelihood of the onset of a MID whereas short “peace spells” make states more prone to another MID onset. Contrast India-Pakistan with, say, USA-Canada.

Dave Armstrong’s DAMisc package provides a useful function for creating these peace years, but my own research encounters problems with implementation. Both are related. One, the function is slow when used on a large data set. The time to estimate increases noticeably with larger data frames that get into the hundreds of thousands.

Further, it throws an error—and I don’t know why—when a lot of cross-sectional units don’t have an event onset. Scholars who work with Correlates of War data know this problem well. It’s the “rare event” problem that confounds simple maximum likelihood estimation. In a “politically relevant” sampling frame, MIDs still occur less than 5% of the time. If, for some reason, you want to flood your sampling frame with politically irrelevant cross-sections (e.g. Mongolia-Nigeria, Belize-Botswana), the data get into the hundreds of thousands and the likelihood of an event dips to around .5% of the data. This comment is more a critique of our most commonly used event data in international relations than it is of the btscs function, but many “peace science” folks in our discipline will still encounter this problem.

This leads to some frustrating coding problems. The btscs function is slow to run and will sometimes throw an error when a large number of cross-sections don’t have events. I created my sbtscs function, for which I fully confess I liberally copied a large part of Dave Armstrong’s code, for my own research. You may find it useful too.

Let me first note some of the problems I routinely encounter when trying to create peace-years in R. First, here’s the btscs function in the DAMisc package. Observe what happens when I try to run it on a non-directed, politically-irrelevant dyad-year sampling frame of the Gibler-Miller-Little (GML) MID data.

## Error in ifelse(is.na(midongoing), 0, 1): objeto 'midongoing' no encontrado

library(DAMisc)
library(RCurl)
library(tidyverse)

data <- getURL("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/svmiller/gml-mid-data/master/gml-ndy.csv")
NDY <- read.csv(text = data) %>% tbl_df()

NDY %>%
    mutate(midongoing = ifelse(is.na(midongoing),0, 1),
           midonset = ifelse(is.na(midonset), 0, 1),
           dyad = as.numeric(paste0("1",sprintf("%03d", ccode1), 
                                    sprintf("%03d", ccode2)))) %>%
    arrange(dyad,year) %>%
    select(ccode1, ccode2, dyad, year, midongoing, midonset, dispnum3) %>%
  as.data.frame() -> NDY

# this_wont_work <- btscs(NDY, "midongoing", "year", "dyad")
#  Error in if (x[j] == 0 & x[(j - 1)] == 0) { : 
# missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed

My sbtscs (vainly: steve’s btscs function) will run, and run pretty quick.

library(stevemisc)

## Error in library(stevemisc): there is no package called 'stevemisc'

NDYpy <- sbtscs(NDY, midongoing, year, dyad) %>% tbl_df()

## Error in sbtscs(NDY, midongoing, year, dyad): no se pudo encontrar la función "sbtscs"

head(NDYpy)

## Error in head(NDYpy): objeto 'NDYpy' no encontrado

Further, there is a major speed advantage to sbtscs since it leans on dplyr to handle the cross-sections without events.

NDY %>% filter(ccode1 <= 110) -> Guyana1

system.time(PY1 <- sbtscs(Guyana1, midongoing, year, dyad))

## Error in sbtscs(Guyana1, midongoing, year, dyad): no se pudo encontrar la función "sbtscs"

## Timing stopped at: 0 0 0

system.time(PY2 <- btscs(Guyana1, "midongoing", "year", "dyad"))

## Error in `$<-.data.frame`(`*tmp*`, "orig_order", value = 1:0): replacement has 2 rows, data has 0

## Timing stopped at: 0.11 0.03 0.14

identical(PY1$spell, PY2$spell)

## Error in identical(PY1$spell, PY2$spell): objeto 'PY1' no encontrado

Feel free to yell at me on my Github. Whereas this is my first hack at programming, I’m all-ears for feedback.